As the seasons shift, cattle farmers are faced with a variety of health risks for their herds. Footrot, navel ill, and calf diarrhoea are among the most common and impactful diseases affecting cattle during this time of year. These conditions, if not managed properly, can lead to serious health complications and economic losses for farmers.
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This is the view of Thapelo Kgosi Ramokala, known as King, Beefmaster Group’s animal health specialist, who says that it is very important to be aware of the ins and outs of these diseases to catch them early.
“With proper care, farmers can prevent these diseases and ensure their herds remain productive year-round. However, prevention is better than cure. The trick is in knowing what signs to look for, and addressing it before it takes hold,” says King.
Footrot: An enemy in wet conditions
Footrot, caused primarily by the bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum, is a painful hoof infection that thrives in damp, muddy environments. This bacterium is found naturally in the environment and researchers have isolated it on the surface of healthy feet, in the rumen and in the faeces of beef cattle.
“The problem is that it only manifests if cattle are standing in wet, muddy areas for too long, as their hooves are more susceptible to injury and infection. One of the biggest contributors to footrot is poor environmental conditions,” says King.
Another common cause of foot rot is when cattle quickly go from wet conditions to dry conditions. This can cause the skin to become chapped and cracked, increasing the risk of the bacteria entering the tissues of the hoof.
“However, and importantly, it is not considered contagious.”
A lack of essential minerals such as zinc, selenium, and copper can also make cattle more prone to footrot. King advises farmers to ensure their cattle have a well-balanced mineral supplement as part of their nutrition plan.
Navel Ill / Joint Ill: A Hidden Danger for Newborn Calves
Navel ill, also known as joint ill when it spreads to the joints, is a bacterial infection that commonly affects newborn calves. Poor hygiene during calving and inadequate colostrum intake are major contributors to this condition.
“Calves need to receive three litres of high-quality colostrum within the first six hours of life, preferably within the first two hours,” King stresses. “This is critical for their immunity and protection against infections.”
Navel infections can remain localised, but in severe cases, they can lead to life-threatening conditions like septicaemia. Maintaining a clean calving environment and treating the navel immediately after birth are effective preventive measures.
Calf Diarrhoea: The Leading Cause of Mortality in Newborns
Diarrhoea is one of the most prevalent and economically damaging diseases in calves. It accounts for 75-85% of all calf diseases in their first few weeks of life. “It must be remembered that calves are born without immune protection, so they can be susceptible to diseases.”
The primary culprits are pathogens like Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium, and E. coli.
“These pathogens attack the intestinal lining, preventing calves from absorbing essential nutrients and fluids,” explains King. “Without timely intervention, calves can quickly become dehydrated and malnourished.”
Farmers should also maintain strict hygiene standards in calf-rearing areas.
Tips for Farmers to Improve Cattle Health
To mitigate the risks of these diseases, King recommends the following practical measures:
- Manage the environment: Keep calving areas clean and dry. Avoid muddy, wet pastures where bacteria thrive.
- Ensure proper nutrition: Provide balanced minerals, especially zinc, selenium, and copper, to reduce susceptibility to diseases like footrot.
- Focus on colostrum: Make sure newborn calves receive sufficient high-quality colostrum within the first few hours of life.
- Treat infections early: Act quickly if you notice signs of footrot, navel infections, or diarrhoea to prevent escalation.
- Work with a veterinarian: Regular check-ups and guidance from a vet can help farmers stay ahead of potential health challenges.
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Also read: Koop geskenke op die iBEEF-toep
